A light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. The main point of this experiment was using geometric optics. Geometrical optics approximation we are in the realm of geometrical optics when wavelength is considered b lbl d h 0 lim physical optics geometrical optics. Mechanical engineering course 2 geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the optical sciences center at the university of arizona. Light can be transmitted from point to point, reflected off surfaces, or refracted by a surface or a lens. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave.
Nasa goddard photo and video, via flickr light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. The case is that which is concerned with the approximation of geometric optics where the undulatory nature of light is neglected, the interference. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. Textbookworkbooks to learn geometrical optics physics. Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of one component of matter, namely light. Superposition of waves, interference, optical interferometry pdf 1. The development is both rigorous and complete, and it features a consistent notation and sign convention. The principle of least time is used to show that all rays from an object in front of a concave mirror focus on the image point if they are not too far from the axis. This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. Other topics include chromatic effects, camera systems and illumination. Phy 192 geometrical optics spring 2015 1 geometrical optics the light source for this experiment is a lowpower heliumneon laser with a wavelength of 632.
Phy 431 optics course syllabus michigan state university. The material in this field guide to geometrical optics derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved as part of the academic programs at the optical sciences center at the university of arizona. This course will provide the student with a fundamental understanding of optical system design and instrumentation. Geometric optics lab geometric optics jonathan huertas. Proposal for a cvpr 2011 tutorial 1 course title light fields in computational photography 2 type advanced, 3 hours. Freely browse and use ocw materials at your own pace. Ray diagrams are used to investigate the behavior of light incident on mirrors and lenses. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. The principles of gaussian optics and firstorder layout and design are emphasized, based on the tracing of two paraxial rays and the associated. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances.
No previous knowledge of optics is assumed in the material development, and only basic math is used algebra, geometry and trigonometry. Introduction to optical science with elementary engineering applications. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 21888 times. A ray of light gives the direction of propagation of light.
Of course, it is not the case with the greatest majority of usual optical systems where one can consider the wave length to be infinitely small in comparison to their geometric dimensions. Chapter notes geometrical optics, class 12, physics iit. Your use of the mit opencourseware site and course materials is subject to the conditions and terms of. Light course along with the schedule of lecture topics. Geometrical optics explained in a understandable way. Light can behave in many ways like a wave or a packet of photons which travel in a straight line exhibiting the property of rectilinear propagation. Field guide to geometrical optics 2004 greivenkamp. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Never look directly at a laser beam nor permit anyone else to do so. This course is intended for engineers, scientists, managers, technicians and students who need to use or design optical systems and want to understand the principles of image formation by optical systems. The concepts are often represented via higher dimensional data structures. Course description physics 431 covers the fundamental properties of light propagation and interaction with matter under the approximations of geometrical optics and scalar wave optics. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology.
In principle, ray tracing can help us to analyze image formation in any given optical system as the rays refract or reflect at all interfaces in the optical train. Geometrical optics o reflection, refraction, fermats principle, o prisms, lenses, mirrors, stops o lensoptical systems o analytical ray tracing, matrix. Geometric optics is discussed as an approximation to wave theory when the wavelength is very small compared to other lengths in the problem such as the size of openings. Based on rectilinear propagation of light valid only if.
Geometric optics lab geometric optics jonathan huertas and. Geometrical optics outline 1 geometrical approximation 2 lenses 3 mirrors 4 optical systems 5 images and pupils 6 aberrations christoph u. Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. Geometrical optics deals with the propagation of light in a straight line and phenomena such as reflection, refraction, polarization, etc.
Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified. Eikonal equations, gradient index lenses, hamiltonian optics pdf 11. Geometric optics itself is a few concepts, and any good text will cover it. This makes the solution of all of the questions that relate to reflection and refraction. Geometric optics jonathan huertas and amber mercado abstract. The book ends with an epilogue that summarizes the imaging process and outlines the next steps within and beyond geometrical optics.
When an object is dropped in still water, the circular wave fronts that are produced move out from the contact point over the two. This practice book contains one actual fulllength gre physics test testtaking strategies become familiar with test structure and content test instructions and. Mathematics course 18 ray or geometrical optics ii overview. The principle of least time is used to show that all rays from an object in front of a concave mirror focus on the image point if. Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to. Geometrical optics online physics course lecturio online. The course builds upon the foundations of geometrical optics that were presented in opti201r to discuss a variety of elementary optical systems.
This section provides the lecture notes used for selected sessions of the course. The volume is organised such that the single spherical refracting surface is the basic optical element. Geometrical optics can be treated as the limiting case of wave optics when size of obstacle is very much large as compared to wavelength of light under such conditions the wave nature of light can be ignored and light can be assumed to be travelling in straight line rectilinear propagation. This field guide derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the optical sciences center at the university of arizona. This volume covers gaussian imagery, paraxial optics, firstorder optical system. Geometrical optics and optical design is an uptodate introductory treatment of geometrical optics which is intended to lead students toward the modern practices of computeraided optical design. Chapter 3 geometrical optics university of illinois.
Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. Proposal for a cvpr 2011 tutorial 1 course title light fields in computational photography 2 type advanced, 3 hours 3 abstract computational photography involves optical processing as well as digital image processing. Exposure to the direct or reflected beam for more than a few seconds will cause serious eye damage. From perfect imager to paraxial rays, effects of aperture and stops. This is an intermediate optics course with emphasis on applying lectured, theoretical principles in a handson setting. Geometrical optics and optical design oxford series in.
Phys 201 lecture 16 ray or geometrical optics i open. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. Geometric optics describes light as streams of particles that can be seen as rays or lines of light. Optics material covered geometrical optics ray theory, thickthin lenses, ray propagation matrices optical systems. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances the simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays. This book is the culmination of twentyfive years of teaching geometrical optics. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. If we restrict the analysis to paraxial rays only, then.
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